Thursday, 11 October 2018

ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE: LESSONS FROM SPACE SHUTTLE COLUMBIA



First February 2003, would never be forgotten by NASA, Americans and all those who watched Space Shuttle Columbia’s re-entry.  As the world watched in disbelief, a beautiful morning turned tragic when “Columbia” on its earthbound journey, unable to withstand the heat of re-entry, fragmented into many fire balls shooting through the sky. The 27 previous successful missions under its wings, couldn’t prevent Colombia from its burning disintegration. The seven crew members who should have returned to celebrity status didn't make it home alive.

The catastrophic failure precipitated by damage to its left wing was initiated by "foam strike” “during the launch. The “problem with foam”, is believed to have been “known for many years”. It is also known that Department of Defence (DoD) had capabilities  to get a closer look at the breached left-wing, but NASA officials  had “declined the offer”. Post-incident investigations by Columbia Accident Investigations Board (CSAIB) Chaired by Admiral Harold Gehman in its harsh indictment[1] concluded the accident was rooted in the “space shuttle program history and culture”, …  . “Cultural traits and organisational practices detrimental to safety was allowed to develop, including reliance on past successes as a substitute for sound engineering practices,… organisational barriers that prevented effective communication of critical safety information and stifled professional differences of opinion; lack of integrated management across program elements and the evolution of an informal channel of command and decision-making processes that operated outside the organisation's rules”.  On not having obtained the DoD’s help with its high-resolution ground and space-based systems, it was found that requests were made by NASA's engineers through incorrect channels and when the request officially reached the appropriate authority, NASA cancelled request 90 minutes later.  It was felt that “no one knew of a requirement of an imagery”.  The report also brought out the “low level of concern by program managers”,  “lack of clear communication”, “lack of effective leadership”.

It is wrong to believe that Columbia was an exception. STS- 27 launched in December 1988, on a classified mission dedicated to the Department of Defence, had a similar story, with a tense but happier ending. The orbiter's thermal protection system tiles sustained severe damage during the flight.  Inspection using the robot arm with a limited resolution camera made it impossible to determine the full extent of the tile damage.  It is believed that, due to the classified nature of the mission, the crew was forced to send encrypted images resulting in NASA receiving poor quality of video which in turn led them to believe that the damage was actually, "just lights and shadows".  The crew was told by the Mission control that the damage was nothing more severe than the past missions. 

Mission Commander Robert Hoot Gibson, it is said that “did not think that the shuttle will survive re-entry”.  Inspections post landing, revealed over 700 damaged tiles and one missing. Hoot Gibson is said to have adversely remarked on the poor understanding of the real situation of the mission, by the mission control on ground.  It is also widely believed that this narrow escape led NASA to believe in the infallibility of their decisions.

The two incidents, though 15 year apart, clearly brings out the evolutionary process of organisational deviation and its after effects.  Most organisations are not as lucky as NASA, which is subjected to intense scrutiny.  Driven by aggressive and ambitious CEOs, egged on by “seemingly” appreciative “coterie” colleagues out to reap short-term benefits, organisations are destined to disintegrate. For short-term benefits, such CEOs turn blind eye to small deviant steps that eventually mar the long evolutionary process of Organisational culture. Branding professional difference of opinions as disloyalty, emergence of extra organisational hierarchies, visible presence of informal communication and decision systems indicate the overwhelming presence of the erosion of organisational culture. Reluctance to accept failures, deviations and refusal to allow external audit and help, confirm the disease of a deaf and dumb hierarchy blind to the impending doom. It doesn't take much time thereafter for an organisation, built brick-by-brick by the sweat and sacrifices of many people to come crashing down. 

Unfortunately, many those who are responsible for the debacle and precipitated the erosion would have fled the nest well in time leaving the hapless dedicated foot soldiers to fend for themselves.  Every industry has adequate examples to prove this point.  It is in the interest an organisation to foster the spirit of internal criticism to ensure that it doesn't deviate from organisational principles.  For that, it must first outline the sanctified boundaries of acceptable organisational practices.

Each situation offers opportunities for diverging views to emerge.  Each diverging view is an input for growth, provided it is evaluated and dealt with appropriately. Dismissing them as mere “play of lights and shadows” can actually kill organisational growth.  Branding bruised escapes as success without honest introspection can only hasten the process of disintegration.



[1] Congressional Research Service, (history.nasa.gov>congress.  Government ).

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